군사폐기물 처리실태보고서

연구보고서

군 발생 폐기물의 환경 친화적 관리방안 연구

 

2002.12

 

이 희 선
구 현 정
김 두 일

 

서 언

환경관리의 측면에서 볼 때, 군부대는 특성상 부적정 처리의 가능성이 높고, 부대이전 시도 다량의 폐기물이 부적정 처리될 수 있으며, 일부 폐기물 처리업자들이 군부대로 불법 매립할 가능성도 높다. 또한 생활폐기물의 매립 시 지정폐기물의 혼합매립가능성이 있으며, 신호탄 등의 군용물자 및 훈련용 의약품 등의 지정폐기물의 부적정처리로 인해 환경오염이 발생될 수 있다.

이러한 이유로 인해 외부에서 군을 보는 시각은 자료의 공개나 자료에 대한 접근이
어려워 투명한 관리에 대체적으로 부정적이다. 그러나, 군은 특성 상 일사분란한 명령체계를 가지고 있어 지휘관뿐만 아니라 일반 병사에 이르기까지 군이 미치는 환경오염의 심각성을 깨닫고 환경친화적으로 관리해 간다면 큰 성과를 기대할 수 있다.

본 연구는 이와 같은 특성에 초점을 맞추어 군 폐기물의 관리실태를 조사․분석하
여 군 발생 폐기물의 비효율적인 관리체계를 환경친화적이며 효율적인 관리체계로
전환시키기 위한 여러 가지 방안을 제시하였다.

1) 군 폐기물의 분류와 통계를 정확히 하고, 2) 관련 지자체와 협의하여 종량제 봉
투를 사용하지 않고 각 부대별로 진개차를 이용하여 수거한 후 각 지자체로 직접 운반하여 처리하도록 하며, 3) 쓰레기 실명제의 조기정착을 유도하여 재활용품을 철저히 분리수거하여 예산을 절약하며, 4) 「군 폐기물 관리지침」과「물자근무지침」의내용을 통일시키고, 5) 처리가 곤란한 폐기물은 현재 가능한 처리방법으로 적정처리를 하도록 하며, 6) 기본적인 방지시설만을 설치한 중소형 소각시설은 단계적으로 폐쇄하고 군지사에 중대형 소각시설을 시설하여 환경적으로 안전하게 처리하도록하여야 하며, 7) 매몰폐기물은 단계적으로 처리하도록 계획을 세워야 하며, 8)재활용을 촉진시키고 환경친화적인 제품의 사용확대를 위해서는 군지사에 재활용 시설을설치 운영하도록 하는 것이다.

본 연구에서 제시한 여러 정책방향 및 추진전략은 실제로 많은 관련 부대를 방문하
여 관련자와의 면담 및 현장조사를 통하여 얻은 자료를 바탕으로 분석하여 도출된
것으로 보다 현실적인 대안이 되어 군 폐기물의 환경친화적이며 효율적인 관리체계를 마련하는 데 다소나마 기여가 되었으면 하는 바램이다.

본 연구를 수행한 이희선 박사 그리고 자료정리 및 편집을 맡아준 구현정 연구원의
노고를 치하한다. 또한, 바쁘신 와중에도 불구하고 본 연구에 대해 검토와 조언을 해주신 환경부 이성한 과장, 육군사관학교 김두일 교수, 국방연구원 최광표 박사, 국방부 김용남 과장과 이용복 중령, 한림대학교 김승도 교수, 그리고 본원의 박용하 박사,전인수 박사, 방상원 박사와 김광임 연구부장의 노고에 감사한다. 또한 본 연구가원활히 수행될 수 있도록 현장조사 및 자료 수집을 위해 협조를 아끼지 않은 국방부환경과와 방문사단의 환경담당 관계자들에게 감사를 표한다.

 

그리고 감수를 맡아 수고한 김미정 박사, 방상원 박사의 수고도 치하한다. 끝으로 본 연구의 내용은 연구자개인의 견해로서 본 연구원의 공식적인 입장과는 다를 수 있음을 밝혀 둔다.

2002年 12月
韓國環境政策․評價硏究院
院長 尹 瑞 成

국 문 요 약

□ 연구목적 및 범위

￭ 환경관리의 측면에서 볼 때, 군은 자료의 공개나 자료에 대한 접근이 어려워 투명한관리에 대해 대체적으로 부정적인 시각을 가지고 있으나, 일사분란한 명령체계를가지고 있어 군이 미치는 환경오염의 심각성을 깨닫고 환경친화적으로 관리해 간다면 큰 성과를 기대할 수 있음

￭ 이에 본 연구는 현재의 군 발생 폐기물의 불법매립, 부적정 처리 및 비효율적인 관리체계를 환경친화적이며 효율적인 관리체계로 전환시키고자 관리 및 제도적인 측면에서 개선방안을 제시하고자 함.

￭ 본 연구는 병력도 많고 상대적으로 민원이 많이 발생하는 육군을 중심으로 수행하였으며, internet 및 기존에 발표된 문헌 그리고 국방부와 육군의 가용자료를 바탕으로 현황을 파악하고자 했으며, 이를 바탕으로 14개 사단과 3개 군지사를 선정하여 현장방문을 통해 각 지역별로 부대의 관리실태와 애로점을 파악하였음

 

□ 군 폐기물 발생 및 처리 현황

￭ 군 발생 폐기물의 특성은 생활폐기물과 지정폐기물로 분류될 수 있는 폐기물이 발생되지만, 현재의 분류체계로 분류하기가 어려운 폐기물도 발생
- 생활폐기물과 지정폐기물은 발생량이 증감을 나타내는 반면 건설 폐기물은 급격
히 증가

￭ 일반적으로 군 발생 폐기물의 처리방법은 재활용, 자체 소각 및 위탁처리 등의 방법으로 처리
- 그러나 군부대에서 발생되는 폐기물은 종류별로 정확한 발생 및 처리 현황에 대
한 기록관리가 이행되지 않고 있으며
- 폐기물처리 예산부족으로 간이 매립장과 간이 소각시설 설치․운영에 어려움을
겪고 있음

￭ 2001년 현재, 육․해․공군 전체에서 보유하고 있는 소각시설은 97개(현재 가동인
것), 음식물 쓰레기 처리 장비는 150개, 재활용 장비의 경우 캔 압축기가 986개, 폐
부동액 재생기가 191개, 파쇄기가 19개임

- 환경시설의 설치 중기계획은 소각시설의 경우 2001년 말까지 총 소요 168개소 중
214개소를 보유, 2005년까지 100% 설치완료 예정

- 폐기물처리 및 재활용 장비의 경우는 2001년말 총소요 2,063점 중 음식물쓰레기
처리장비, 부동액재생기, 폐기물 파쇄기, 캔 압축기 등을 65%인 1,346점을 확보하
였으며, 2007년까지 총 613점을 확충해 나갈 계획

￭ 육군의 경우, 사단보유 소각시설은 50∼99㎏/hr 용량인 소형 소각시설을 주로 보유하고 있는데, 원심력 집진시설, 흡수시설 등의 기초적인 대기오염방지시설을 갖추고 있어 주변 환경의 오염 우려

￭ 경기북부의 각 지역별 군부대의 1인당 1일 쓰레기 발생량과 각 지역전체의 발생량을 전체적으로 비교해보면, 각각 0.65㎏/day과 0.75㎏/day 으로 군부대에서의 발
생량이 적음
- 군부대보다는 일반 민가에서 재활용이 더욱더 활발하게 이루어지고 있음
- 자가처리가 전체의 1.23%, 위탁처리가 98.77%의 비율로 처리되고 있으며
- 위탁처리는 종량제봉투 사용, 농가사료 이용, 재활용수거업체의 수거, 군지사나
사단에 의한 수거에 의해서 이루어짐
- 생활폐기물은 대부분 종량제봉투를 이용하여 처리
- 음식물폐기물은 대부분 농가의 사료로 이용
- 재활용 폐기물은 재활용업체에 의해서 수거
- 기타 폐기물은 군지사나 사단 등에 의해서 대부분 수거하여 위탁처리

□ 군 폐기물 관리실태 파악 및 분석

￭ 군 특성에 따라 발생될 수 있는 폐기물을 종합하여
- 일반폐기물과 지정폐기물로 분류하였으며
- 일반폐기물은 가연성, 불연성, 재활용성 및 건설폐기물로 분류하였고
- 지정폐기물은 액상, 고상 및 감염성으로 분류하였고
- 분류가 어려워 기타로 분류하였던 폐기물을 일반 및 지정으로 분류 시도

￭ 발생량의 연도별 변화가 심하여 통계에 대한 불신이 높으며, 처리현황에 대한 신뢰도도 적어, 폐기물관리법에 기초한 분류체계를 갖추어 비교

￭ 보고되지 않은 직할대나 연대의 통계는 몇몇 연대에서 보고된 수치를 참고로 하여비슷한 규모의 부대라면 같은 수치로 간주하는 방식으로 하여 사단 전체 통계를
작성
- 일부 통계작성을 전혀 하지 않고 있는 사단도 있음

￭ 발생량 산정에 있어서 통일된 방법이 없고, 연대 이하의 부대에 관한 자료수집 방법에 대한 신빙성도 없으며, 무엇보다도 담당자의 폐기물에 대한 지식부족으로 인해보고하고 있는 통계수치에 대한 확신을 가지고 있지 못함
- 종량제봉투는 부피단위로 판매되고 있는데 반해서 상급부대로의 보고는 무게단
위로 하도록 되어있고
- 이에 대한 환산 방법은 정해져 있지 않아 통계 작성 시 어려움
- 액상폐기물에 대한 무게단위로의 환산방법도 부정확하여 통계수치작성에 어려움
- 액상폐기물은 종류에 따라 비중이 크게 다를 수 있으므로 각 액상폐기물의 비중
에 대한 측정치를 통보하여 무게를 계산하여 통계를 잡도록 하여야 함

- 분류가 어려웠던 폐기물들(예를 들면 폐탄박스, PCP 탄약상자, 폐지환통, 탄두,
탄피, 연막탄통, STB, DS안개유, 제독킷, 보일러 세척액 등)이 기타로 통계가 잡힌
것인지

- 또는 분류가 어려워 통계에서 누락된 것인지 확인
- 그러나, 환경에 미치는 영향이 큰 유해한 폐기물은 분류를 정확히 하여 누락됨이
없이 파악되고 보고되어야 함

￭ 생활폐기물의 경우, 해당 지자체의 종량제 봉투를 이용하는 방법과 진개차를 이용하여 지자체 매립장이나 소각장으로 직접 반입하는 두 가지 방법으로 수거
- 같은 사단소속이더라도 해당된 지자체의 특성에 따라서 예하 연대나 대대들의
수거방법이 종량제 봉투를 사용하기도 하고 진개차로 직접 반입하기도 하는 등
상이
- 종량제 봉투를 사용하는 방법의 경우, 각 부대에서 종량제 봉투에 쓰레기를 채워
서 일정한 장소에 모아 두면 지자체나 지자체에서 위탁한 수거업체가 부대로 방
문하여 수거

￭ 재활용 품목은 대부분 5∼6가지 분리하여 수집하고
- 재활용품을 분리수거하여 판매한 수익금을 활용하는 방법에는 두가지 경우
- 첫째는 각 부대에서 자체적으로 재활용품을 관리하여 매각한 후 매각비용은 자
체적으로 활용하며, 매각처리한 폐기물의 양만 사단으로 통보
- 둘째는 사단에서 매각 비용을 관리하는 경우로 재활용품 분리수거장을 한 곳에
마련하여 각 부대별로 집결시켜 한꺼번에 매각을 하거나 각 부대마다 분리수거
장을 마련하여 각 부대별로 매각하는 경우

￭ 「군 폐기물 관리지침」의 “폐기물 처리의 기본원칙”에 따르면 “대대급 이상 모든부대(기관)는 대통령령이 정하는 사업장에 속한다”를 폐기물 처리기준
- 대대급 이상에서 발생되는 군 폐기물은 사업장 폐기물로 분류되어 처리
- 단 대대급 이상이라도 사업장 범위에 해당되지 않을 시는 지방자체단체의 조례
에 따라 생활폐기물로 간주하여 처리

￭ 군 발생 폐기물의 관리 및 처리를 위해서 국방부에서는「군 폐기물 관리지침」(매년마다)을 , 육군본부에서는「물자근무지침」(격년마다)을 각 군에 하달
- 군에서 발생되는 폐기물은 보급 여부에 따라 일반물자로 인한 폐기물과 보급물
자로 인한 폐기물로 구분
- 이중 보급물자로 인해 발생된 폐기물은 폐품으로 간주하여 대부분 군지사로

반납
- 한편 각 품목마다 처리 절차나 방법이 군 폐기물 관리지침과 물자근무지침에 언
급되어 있는데
- 품목의 종류에 따라 한쪽에만 언급되어 있는 경우도 있고, 공통으로 언급되어
있는 경우도 있으며, 같은 품목이라도 제시되어 있는 처리내용이 상이한 경우도
있음
- 이러한 이유로 하급부대에서 혼란을 일으켜 적정한 처리에 어려움

￭ 군지사에서 품목별로 반납을 하라는 지침이 내려오면 보관되어 있던 폐물자를 사단내의 보수대로 반납을 하며, 보수대에서 사단내의 모든 폐물자(각 연대에서 반납한것)를 모아서 군지사로 반납
- 반납된 폐물자는 군지사 내에서 자체처리(소각 등)하거나 재활용

￭ 각 사단으로부터 반납된 물자들을 공해물자(지정폐기물로서 위탁처리해야 하는 품목들)와 폐품류로 분리해서 처리
-「물자근무지침」에 “폐품 류별 품목 분류기준”을 직물류, 고무류, 피혁류, 잡류,
철류, 케이블류, 유리류, 기타로 분류한 뒤
- 각 종류별로 다시 세부품목을 명시해 놓았으며, 이를 근거로 하여 현재 종류별로
군지사에서 처리
- 공해물자품목은 대부분 지정폐기물에 속하여 위탁처리
- 군지사 사령부내의 물자처에서 공해물자의 반납 및 처리 통계 작성, 예산 편성,
처리업체와의 계약 등을 담당

￭ 대부분 95㎏/hr 용량(76㎏/hr도 있음)인 소각시설이 1개소씩 설치하여 가동
- 대부분 대기오염물질 배출, 잦은 고장 등의 이유로 구형 소각시설이 폐쇄
- 1∼2년 전에 소각시설을 다시 신설
- 대부분 하루 8시간 정도씩 주 40시간 가동
- 처리되는 대상은 군복과 신발, 모자, 담요 등 군폐물자
- 같은 용량의 처리시설이지만 가동시간과 가동일수는 비슷하나 소각처리량과 소
각재 발생량에서 큰 편차를 보임
- 즉 소각처리량은 36.7톤/년에서 218.8톤/년으로 큰 차이가 나며, 소각재 발생량
도 11.2톤/년에서 25톤/년으로 크게 차이가 남.
- 각 사단의 소각시설을 관리하는 전문인력은 없음

￭ 군지사의 경우는 현재 95㎏/hr에서 375㎏/hr 까지 보유하고 있는 소각시설의 용량
이 다양하며, 사단에 비해서 큰 용량의 소각시설을 보유
- 소각대상은 폐품류중 매각되지 않는 품목들로 전투화, 화섬유류, 전투복이 주된 품목임

￭ 환경업무는 그때그때 적합한 수행자가 있을 때마다 담당하는 보직이 바뀌게 되는
떠돌이 업무가 되어 있는 실정이며
- 그럼에도 불구하고 할당된 업무량이 많아 특정 보직에서 함께 수행하는 주된 업
무보다도 더 많은 시간을 빼앗기고 있음
- 2002년 2월 이후부터는 규모가 큰 사단을 우선 순위로 하여 환경담당관이라는
보직이 신설되어 군무원(환경을 전공한 육군 소속의 9급 군무원으로 임무수행
기간은 몇 개월에서 9년까지 변동적임)이나 하사, 중사급의 군인들이 보직 맡음

￭ 각 부대는 다음과 같은 방법 중 한 방법으로 예산을 신청
- 생활쓰레기 발생량에 대한 보고는 하지 않고 있으며, 따라서 예산 산정 시 해당
부대에서 실제로 발생되는 양을 정기적으로 측정하여 다음해의 예산 산정 시 적
용하지 않고, 국방부에서 작성된 지침상의 생활폐기물 기준량을 적용
- 몇년 전 사단 내 쓰레기 발생량과 상주인원을 기준으로 하여 담당자가 실제 원
단위를 계산하였고, 그 결과(1일 1인당 0.5㎏)를 바탕으로 예산을 산정
- 생활폐기물 기준량을 지침에 따라 적용하여 예산산정을 하면 현실과 맞지 않으
므로 1인 발생 기준량을 0.7㎏으로 간주하여 예산을 산정

￭ 평균적으로 군에서 발생되는 1일 1인당 생활폐기물은 0.3㎏이고 음식물 쓰레기는 0.19㎏
- 「군 폐기물 관리지침」에서 제시하는 발생량이나 각 사단에서 적용하는 발생량
이 실제 발생량보다 높게 측정되어 예산에 반영
- 따라서, 예산책정 시 음식물 쓰레기를 따로 분리해서 처리하는 경우에는 1일
1인당 발생량을 0.3㎏으로 해야 하며, 분리하지 않을 때에는 0.5㎏으로 정하여
각 예하부대로 지침을 보내야 함

￭ 평균적으로 볼 때 군에서 발생하는 재활용품은 0.14㎏/일․인이지만 일반인은 0.21
㎏/일․인으로 훨씬 적으며, 군과 일반인의 1일 1인당 발생량이 0.65㎏과 0.75㎏이
라 하더라도 비율적으로 군이 일반인보다 적은 재활용품을 발생

￭ 군 측에서는 매몰폐기물 처리의 중․장기 계획을 수립하고 추진하기 위해서 우선
군 부지내 각 부대의 과거 매몰 폐기물의 실태를 조사
- 한편 민통선지역을 비롯한 GOP 지역을 관할하는 사단에서는 자체적으로 해당
GOP 지역 내의 매몰 및 방치폐기물을 일제히 수거하여 처리하는 작업을 수행
- 수거된 방치 및 매몰 폐기물은 일반물품 포장지 및 용기로는 P.X. 식품의 포장류,
재활용품으로는 고철, 가제도구로는 폐자재, 기타로는 스티로폼이 가장 많은 양
을 차지

 

□ 정책방향 및 추진전략

￭ 폐기물 관리법의 범위 안으로 가져와 통일
- 군에서 발생되는 폐기물을 폐기물관리법에서 정하는 폐기물 분류체계로 전환
- 지침을 작성하여 각 하급부대에 확실하게 전달하고 숙지시켜 통일된 단위로 통
계를 작성
- 양식을 작성할 때 위탁처리는 지자체 또는 외부업체 처리량을 기록하며, 자체처
리 중 재활용은 발생량에서 재활용 가능자원의 분리 수거량 등을 기록
- 그러나, 국방부에서 발간하는 통계는 자가처리, 재활용 및 위탁처리로 통계치를
발표하여 재활용이 자가처리에서인지 또는 위탁처리에서인지가 불분명
- 처리방법에 대한 통계표를 일정한 형식으로 통일
- 반드시 모든 부대가 통계보고를 하도록 함

￭ 재활용품을 철저히 분리수거하여 예산을 절약할 수 있는 방안인 실명제 실시를
강화하여 시행
- 시험 적용시 발생된 문제점을 개선하고 발전방안 및 장려사항을 전파
- 쓰레기 실명제의 조기정착 여건을 마련
- 쓰레기 감량화 및 분리수거 활성화에 크게 기여

￭ 하급부대에서 혼란을 방지하여 적정한 처리를 유도하기 위해서는 「군 폐기물 관리지침」과 「물자근무지침」을 통일
- 각 품목마다 처리 절차나 방법이 품목의 종류에 따라 어느 한쪽에만 언급
- 같은 품목이라도 제시되어 있는 처리내용이 상이
- 하급부대에서 혼란을 일으켜 적정한 처리에 어려움

￭ 폐지환통의 경우, 반납을 받아주지 못하는 경우가 있는데, 이는 현재 폐지환통이
지정폐기물로 간주되어 있지 않아서 위탁처리비가 배정되어 있지 않아 처리 할 예
산이 없기 때문임
- 콜타르 부분과 소각물을 최소화하기 위해서는 단계별로 해체

￭ 현재와 같은 기본적인 방지시설만을 설치한 중소형 소각시설에서 피복류, 화섬유,고무․피혁류 등을 소각하는 것을 피하기 위해 중소형 소각시설을 단계적으로 폐쇄
- 이러한 폐기물은 산업폐기물 소각시설에서 소각하는 것이 바람직함
- 따라서 지자체에서 보유한 생활폐기물 소각시설에서는 소각이 어려워 지자체에
서 받아들이기가 어려움
- 4개 군지사의 9개 보급대대와 3개 군지단에 처리용량이 1톤/hr 이상인 소각시설
을 설치하여 환경적으로 안전하게 처리

￭ 소규모 매몰폐기물(1000톤 이하)과 대규모 매몰폐기물(1000톤 이상)로 구분하여 소규모 매몰폐기물을 먼저 처리하고, 대규모 폐기물은 중기계획을 세워 단계별로 처리

￭ 재활용을 촉진시키고 환경친화적인 제품의 사용확대를 위해서는
- 군 자체에서 재활율을 증가시키고 환경친화적인 재활용제품을 생산
- 지자체 제도의 실시 이후 주민들의 님비현상으로 인하여 매립장이나 소각시설의
확보가 곤란
- 다이옥신 배출기준의 강화로 인하여 소각시설의 설치비가 증가되어 군부대 자체에서 운영하는 소형소각시설에 대한 경제성이 상실
- 한편 폐기물의 재활용율 또한 저조(33%)

￭ 이에 따라 재활용을 극대화시키려는 취지 하에 환경친화적 제품 사용 확대를 추진
- 환경상품 전시회 등 환경마크 인증제품을 집중 홍보 교육
- 장병 교육을 통하여 환경마크 제도의 필요성을 인식하도록 유도
- 군지사로 수거되는 폐기물은 배출원이 일정하여 성상별로 분리배출이 양호하며
이물질이 함유되는 가능성이 적어 재활용이 용이
- 군부대에서 일정한 양이 발생되며 경제성을 맞출 수 있을 만큼 충분한 양
- 따라서, 군지사에 폐기물을 재활용할 수 있는 시설을 설치하여 소각이나 매립처
리를 줄이고 최대한으로 재활용을 증진할 수 있도록 관련시설을 설치하여 운영

 

 

차 례

제1장. 서론 ··········································································································· 1
1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ······················································································ 1
2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 ······················································································ 2
제2장. 군 폐기물 발생 및 처리 현황 ·································································· 4
1. 군 발생 폐기물의 특성 ··················································································· 4
가. 공통 발생 폐기물 ······················································································ 4
나. 부대 특성별 발생 폐기물 ·········································································· 4
다. 장소별 발생 폐기물 ··················································································· 5
라. 군사활동 유형별 발생 폐기물 ··································································· 6
마. 군 발생 폐기물의 종류 및 분류 ······························································ 7
2. 군 폐기물의 발생 ·························································································· 8
가. 종류별 발생 ······························································································· 8
나. 품목별 세부현황 ························································································ 9
3. 군 발생 폐기물의 처리 ················································································· 10
가. 일반적인 사항 ·························································································· 10
나. 처리현황 ·································································································· 12
다. 처리시설 ································································································· 15
라. 군의 환경정책 ························································································ 19
마. 군 발생 폐기물의 불법 매립 실태(민원사례 중심으로) ··························· 24
바. 경기북부 지역의 군 폐기물 발생 및 처리 ············································· 26

제3장. 군 부대 폐기물 관리 실태 파악 및 분석 ·············································· 31
1. 발생 폐기물 분류 및 통계작성 ····································································· 31
가. 지리적 특성 고려 ····················································································· 31
나. 폐기물의 분류 ·························································································· 32
다. 통계작성 ······························································································· 37
라. 분류가 어려운 폐기물의 통계처리 ······················································· 44
2. 분리 및 수거 방법 ························································································ 44
가. 종류별 ···································································································· 44
3. 처리 방법 ···································································································· 59
가. 군 폐기물 처리 관련 제도 ······································································· 59
나. 품목별 처리 규칙 ····················································································· 60
다. 사단 및 예하부대의 처리방법 ·································································· 67
라. 군지사의 처리방법 ··················································································· 79
4. 처리 시설 ···································································································· 88
가. 사단의 소각시설 ······················································································ 88
나. 사단의 음식물 처리장비 ······································································· 100
다. 기타 ······································································································ 102
라. 군지사의 소각시설 ················································································· 102
5. 인력 및 예산 ······························································································· 106
가. 인력 ······································································································· 106
나. 예산 ······································································································· 107
6. 매몰 및 방치 폐기물 ··················································································· 113
가. 과거 매몰폐기물 실태조사 현황 ···························································· 114
나. GOP 지역 폐기물 수거 및 처리 ···························································· 116
7. 군․관 협의회 ····························································································· 119
가. 중앙 및 지역 환경협의회 ······································································· 119
나. 기타 군․관․민협의회 ·········································································· 122

제4장. 선진 외국의 군 발생 폐기물 관리현황 ················································ 123
1. 미국 ············································································································· 123
가. 환경정책 ································································································· 123
나. 환경실태 자체평가(육군) ········································································ 123
다. 폐기물관리 ····························································································· 124
라. 군 발생 유해폐기물의 범위 및 관리 ······················································ 125

- xiii -
마. 고체폐기물 연간보고 체계 ····································································· 131
바. 훈련지에서의 유해폐기물 처리 ······························································ 131
사. 재활용 ·································································································· 137
아. 해군의 고형폐기물 발생 및 재활용 현황 ··············································· 139
2. 일본(자위대) ································································································ 141
가. 환경실태 자체평가 ················································································· 141

제5장. 군 환경교육, 폐기물 관리와 군사작전 ················································· 143
1. 폐기물 관리와 교육 ····················································································· 143
2. 군 환경 교육 ······························································································· 145
가. 군 환경교육 형태 ··················································································· 145
나. 폐기물 관리 교육 ··················································································· 147
3. 미군의 폐기물 관리 및 환경보호 체계 ······················································· 149
가. 육군의 통합 폐기물 관리계획 ································································ 149
나. 육군 재활용 사례 ··················································································· 152
다. 통합 군 환경 보호 ················································································· 153
4. 시사점 ········································································································· 154

제6장. 정책방향 및 추진전략 ··········································································· 157
1. 친환경적 관리를 위한 폐기물 분류 및 통계작성 ········································ 157
가. 폐기물관리법에 따른 분류체계로 전환하여 보고 ··································· 157
나. 발생량 단위의 계산 통일 ······································································· 157
다. 처리방법에 대한 통계표 수정 ································································ 158
2. 진개차를 이용한 수거방법을 통한 생활폐기물 처리비용 절감 ··················· 159
3. 실명제 실시 강화로 예산의 절약과 분리수거 강화 ···································· 160
가. 실명제 실시 이유 ··················································································· 160
나. 실명제 실시 시의 문제점 ······································································· 160
다. 효율적인 실명제 제도 실시를 위한 제안방안 ········································ 161
4. 적정처리 강화를 위한 지침에서의 처리 내용 통일 ···································· 161
5. 지환통의 환경친화적 처리 ········································································ 162
6. 소각시설의 환경친화적 관리 ······································································· 166
가. 사단의 중소형 소각시설의 단계적 폐쇄 ················································ 166
나. 군지사의 중대형 소각시설 신설 ···························································· 167
7. 매몰폐기물의 단계적 처리 ·········································································· 168

8. 재활용 증진을 위한 재활용시설의 설치 및 운영 ········································ 169
가. 재활용 증진 시책 강화 ·········································································· 169
나. 군지사에서의 재활용 시설 설치 및 운영 ··············································· 169

제7장. 결론 ········································································································ 171
참고문헌 ············································································································ 175
<부록 1> 지정폐기물 처리업체 ········································································ 177
<부록 2> 소각시설 보유 및 관리 현황(2002년) ·············································· 178
<부록 3> 각 군의 환경정책 ············································································· 183
<부록 4> 대기오염방지시설 및 환경관리 예산 ··············································· 186
<부록 5> 환경관리 인력현황 ··········································································· 190
Abstract ············································································································· 197

표 차 례

<표 1-1> 자료수집을 위한 현장 방문 선정부대 ···················································· 3
<표 2-1> 군부대 공통 발생 폐기물 ······································································· 4
<표 2-2> 부대특성별 발생 폐기물의 종류 ····························································· 5
<표 2-3> 장소별 발생 폐기물의 종류 ···································································· 6
<표 2-4> 군사활동 유형에 따라 발생되는 폐기물의 종류 ··································· 7
<표 2-5> 군 발생 폐기물의 종류 및 분류 ····························································· 8
<표 2-6> 군부대 폐기물 발생현황 ······································································ 9
<표 2-7> 지정폐기물의 품목별 발생현황 ····························································· 10
<표 2-8> 군 발생 폐기물의 종류별 처리실태 ······················································ 11
<표 2-9> 군부대 폐기물 처리현황 ······································································ 13
<표 2-10> 지정폐기물 처리현황 ··········································································· 14
<표 2-11> 환경기초시설 및 장비설치 현황 ·························································· 15
<표 2-12> 군 환경시설 설치중기계획 ·································································· 16
<표 2-13> 군 소각시설의 설치 현황 ·································································· 16
<표 2-14> 군 소각시설의 설치 중기계획 ····························································· 17
<표 2-15> 각 군의 소각시설 보유현황(운영중인 소각시설에 한함) ····················· 17
<표 2-16> 음식물쓰레기 처리시설 현황 ······························································· 18
<표 2-17> 처리시설 방식 ····················································································· 18
<표 2-18> 군부대 지역 1인당 1일 폐기물 발생량 비교 ····································· 26
<표 2-19> 시․군별 군부대 폐기물 종류별 발생량 ············································ 27
<표 2-20> 시․군별 지역전체 폐기물 종류별 발생량 현황 ································ 28
<표 2-21> 시․군별 군부대 폐기물 처리 실태 ····················································· 29
<표 3-1> 지리적 위치를 고려한 부대선정 ··························································· 31
<표 3-2> 부대특성별 폐기물의 종류 ···································································· 33
<표 3-3> 장소별 발생폐기물의 종류 ···································································· 34
<표 3-4> 군사활동 유형에 따라 발생되는 폐기물의 종류 ·································· 35
<표 3-5> 폐기물관리법에 따른 군 폐기물의 분류 ··············································· 36
<표 3-6> 군부대 폐기물 발생량 및 처리실태 조사 ············································ 38
<표 3-7> ○○년 폐기물 발생현황 및 처리현황(총괄) ······································ 41
<표 3-8> ○○년 폐기물 발생현황 및 처리현황(지정폐기물 종류별 처리실태) ···· 42
<표 3-9> 생활쓰레기 처리 실명제 적용 전․후 분석 ·········································· 49
<표 3-10> 생활쓰레기 처리 실명제 시행에 대한 의견수렴 결과 ························· 50
<표 3-11> 사단의 재활용품 종류 및 발생(매각)현황 ··········································· 54
<표 3-12> 품목별 폐품처리 권한 ········································································· 61
<표 3-13> 폐품 활용 권한자 및 내용 ·································································· 63
<표 3-14> 폐기물 처리에 관한 군 폐기물 관리지침과 물자근무지침의 항목비교 ·················· 65
<표 3-15> 일부 품목에 대한 군 폐기물 관리지침과 물자근무지침의 폐기물처리 ··················· 66
<표 3-16> 각 부대 폐자원 매각 비용 활용 현황 ················································· 69
<표 3-17> 폐페인트 발생 및 처리현황 ································································· 72
<표 3-18> 진지공사용 타이어 처리 추진실적(2001) ··········································· 73
<표 3-19> 각 부대의 폐지환통 발생 및 처리 현황 ············································ 74
<표 3-20> 사단의 폐유 관리 현황 ······································································· 76
<표 3-21> 폐식용유 수거현황 ·············································································· 76
<표 3-22> 변압기 보유현황 및 처리절차 ····························································· 78
<표 3-23> PCP 침적 폐탄약상자 발생 및 처리현황 ············································ 79
<표 3-24> 폐품 류별 품목 분류기준 및 처리방법 ··············································· 81
<표 3-25> 군지사 처리 공해물자 품목 ································································· 82
<표 3-26> 군지사 공해물자 수집 및 처리 현황(2002 전반기) ······························ 83
<표 3-27> 사단 보유 소각로 시설의 특성 ··························································· 88
<표 3-28> 사단보유 소각시설의 운용실태(2001) ·················································· 91
<표 3-29> 각 사단의 소각대상물질의 상세품목 ··················································· 94
<표 3-30> 각 사단의 소각시설 관리현황 ····························································· 95
<표 3-31> 소각시설 대기측정대행기록부(2002. 5) ················································ 96
<표 3-32> 소각시설 설치 및 관리 기준 ····························································· 97
<표 3-33> 다이옥신 배출기준 ·············································································· 98
<표 3-34> 소각 처리량과 처리시설 용량에 대한 분석결과 ·································· 99
<표 3-35> 군 소각시설 자체 설치운영 및 위탁처리시 경제성 비교 ·················· 100
<표 3-36> 발효․건조식 음식물 처리장비 특성(1996년 설치) ···························· 101
<표 3-37> 음식물 처리량과 처리장비의 용량에 대한 분석결과 ························· 101
<표 3-38> 군지사 소각시설의 대상 품목 ··························································· 103
<표 3-39> 사단의 환경관련 예산 배정 및 사용 현황 ······································· 108
<표 3-40> 경기북부지역 군부대 1인당 1일 폐기물 발생량 ································ 110
<표 3-41> 경기북부지역 지자체 1인당 1일 폐기물 발생량 ································ 111
<표 3-42> 사단의 군부지내 매몰폐기물 실태 조사 결과 ··································· 115
<표 3-43> 민통선 지역 (구) 주둔지, 훈련장 등의 폐기물 집중수거 결과 ·········· 116
<표 3-44> 집중 수거된 폐기물의 방치 및 장소 ················································· 117
<표 3-45> GOP 지역 방치 폐기물 수거결과 ······················································ 117
<표 3-46> GOP 방치 폐기물의 종류별 재분류 결과 ·········································· 118
<표 3-47> 지역협의회별 관할 구역 ···································································· 120
<표 4-1> 미육군의 부대환경 자체평가 분야 ······················································ 124
<표 4-2> 군의 유해폐기물 분류체계 ·································································· 126
<표 4-3> 유해폐기물의 종류 ·············································································· 128
<표 4-4> 특수처리를 필요로 하는 특성 ····························································· 129
<표 4-5> 적정한 PPE(개인보호장비) 사용법 ······················································ 134
<표 4-6> 재활용 가능 품목과 재활용이 어려운 품목 그리고 QRP에서 직접 판매할 수 있는 품목들 ······························· 138
<표 4-7> 일본 자위대의 환경실태 점검요소 ······················································ 142
<표 5-1> 환경 직무교육 단계별 교육중점 설정 ················································· 147
<표 5-2> 부대 환경 인식교육 중 폐기물 관련 내용 ·········································· 148
<표 5-3> 환경보전활동 교육분야 및 내용 ·························································· 149
<표 5-4> ISWMP의 목차 ···················································································· 152
<표 6-1> 폐기물관리법의 처리방법에 따른 통계표 ············································ 159
<표 6-2> 폐지환통의 구성물질 및 각 물질의 무게(대형 지환통 기준) ·············· 163
<표 6-3> 폐지환통 처리방안 ············································································· 164
<부표 3-1> 육군의 환경정책 추진 ······································································ 183
<부표 3-2> 해군의 환경정책 추진 ···································································· 184
<부표 3-3> 공군의 환경정책 추진 ···································································· 185
<부표 4-1> ○○시 군부대 소각시설 및 대기오염방지시설현황 ························· 187
<부표 4-2> ○○군 ○○사단의 환경관리예산 현황 ············································ 188
<부표 4-3> ○○군 ○○사단 환경관리예산 부족 실태 ······································· 189
<부표 5-1> 군부대 기능별 유형화 ······································································ 190
<부표 5-2> 군부대 기능별 폐기물 종류별 발생량 ·············································· 191
<부표 5-3> ○○군 ○○사단 의무대 폐기물 종류별․기간별 발생량 ················ 192
<부표 5-4> ○○군 ○○사단 ○○부대 연간 환경관리예산 ································ 195
<부표 5-5> ○○군 ○○사단 의무대 감염성 폐기물 처리현황 ··························· 196

그 림 차 례

<그림 2-1> 군․관 환경협의회 구성체계 ····························································· 23
<그림 3-1> 생활폐기물 처리용 진개함 및 종량제 봉투 ······································· 46
<그림 3-2> 음식물 처리장비 및 잔반 분리수거장 ··············································· 51
<그림 3-3> 분리수거장 ························································································· 53
<그림 3-4> 감염성 폐기물 분리 및 보관장소 ······················································ 57
<그림 3-5> 폐유 및 식용유 보관 ········································································· 77
<그림 3-6> 군지사 폐품 수집소 ······································································· 86
<그림 3-7> 사단 보유 소각시설 ········································································· 89
<그림 3-8> 소각대상 폐기물 ·············································································· 93
<그림 3-9> 군지사 보유 소각시설 ······································································ 105
<그림 4-1> 유해특성을 결정하는 흐름도 ··························································· 127
<그림 6-1> 폐지환통 처리(별도 처리용 봉투 이용) ········································ 165